A lush, beautiful garden is a common dream, but experts say the secret to achieving it starts below the surface with healthy soil.

While many gardeners focus mainly on plants, a garden depends on a strong foundation. Soil is not just dirt; it is a living system filled with nutrients, organic matter and countless organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects and worms. A 2023 study published in the ‘Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences’ says soil may contain about 59% of all life on Earth, making it the most biodiverse habitat.

These organisms play a vital role by controlling harmful pests, turning organic material into natural fertilizer and improving air flow and drainage in the soil. Maintaining soil health is therefore essential for a successful garden.

Before planting, experts advise checking soil structure. Sandy soil drains water too quickly, while clay soil holds too much moisture both can harm plant growth. To improve soil quality, add 3–4 inches of compost, leaf mold or well-rotted manure and mix it gently into the top 6–12 inches. However, avoid over-tilling, as it can damage beneficial organisms, increase erosion and bring weed seeds to the surface.

In later seasons, simply spread organic matter on top and let it break down naturally.

Testing soil pH is also important, as different plants grow best within specific pH ranges. Gardeners can use simple home test kits and adjust levels with lime or sulfur if needed. It is also useful to check key nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to guide fertilizer use.

Experts stress that building healthy soil takes time. Slow-release fertilizers and organic materials are better long-term choices than quick chemical fixes, which should be used only in urgent cases.

Gardeners are also advised not to walk on planting areas, as compacted soil limits air and water flow and restricts root growth.

Leaving soil bare can lead to erosion, nutrient loss and weed growth. Instead, plant ground cover or apply organic mulch such as bark, straw or dry leaves. A 2–3 inch layer of mulch helps retain moisture, regulate temperature and reduce weeds, but it should be kept away from plant stems to prevent rotting.

Jessica Damiano, a gardening writer for The Associated Press, shares regular tips in her award-winning Weekly Dirt Newsletter.