Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir’s election as the country’s 23rd president on Thursday can serve an important message to observers of Bangladesh’s often dysfunctional political arena, provided we heed it: for all the discord and disunity and disruption that has afflicted it over the years, somehow it still retained the ability to reward honesty, decency and principled leadership.
Although his ascension to the top constitutional post in the republic had been more-or-less set in stone on the day Prime Minister Tarique Rahman revealed him to be the candidate of ruling party BNP, which enjoys a supermajority in parliament, the formality of having MPs vote their choice was completed today.
Standing against him was Colonel (retd) Oli Ahmed, himself a legendary figure in the BNP’s history who was now the candidate of the Jamaat e Islami-led opposition alliance. Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) AMM Nasir Uddin, also the Returning Officer of the election, announced the result soon after balloting ended in the country’s 350-seat Parliament, although currently it has 349 MPs, of whom six did not vote.
Of the 343 who did, 255 voted for Mirza Fakhrul, while his opponent garnered 88 votes, in what was actually the first presidential election to take place in the country after 35 years. This made it an important institutional exercise for the country’s democracy.
It means Mirza Fakhrul becomes the country’s first elected president in the aftermath of the July Uprising of 2024, the culmination of a generational struggle for democracy dating back to at least 2011. And if there is someone who lived and breathed this struggle throughout from the frontlines, that man is Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir.
Just three months after the BNP's late matriarch, thrice-former prime minister Begum Khaleda Zia handpicked Fakhrul for the party’s most important organisational post, naming him as acting secretary general following the death of Khandaker Delwar Hossain in March 2011, Bangladesh’s precious democracy would be thrown into turmoil.
On June 30 of that year, the Awami League-led government used its brute majority in parliament to do away with the caretaker government provision in the Constitution, under which the previous four general elections had been held. At the same time, it ushered in an era of intense government-led repression of opposition politics, as the security agencies resorted to egregious human rights violations including enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings to clamp down on the Awami League's opponents.
BNP and Jamaat activists bore the brunt of the increasingly authoritarian government's hardline approach. The fact that BNP's support vastly outweighs Jamaat meant far more resources would be expended on trying to 'steamroller' BNP throughout the era. And into this cauldron we saw the entrance of a new kind of general secretary on behalf of the BNP. Thus would commence, the most important role of Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir's life in politics - an importance that, in the given circumstances, transcended even the party's interests. This was a struggle for the nation.
The Face of Resistance
On February 15, 2024, Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir walked out of jail for the last time under the Awami League. It was some 39 days after the one-sided January 7, 2024 election that had sounded yet another death knell for democracy in the country, and over three-and-a-half months after Fakhrul and other senior party leaders had been picked up centring the BNP’s October 28, 2023 programme demanding the 12th general election be held under a caretaker government - or some other neutral administration.
Immediately after walking out of Dhaka Central Jail that day, Fakhrul said the movement to ‘restore the right to vote’ would continue. He said the BNP did not lose anything - rather it was the government that had lost by holding a one-sided election. In less than six months, these words would prove prophetic. For a good 12 years till Tarique Rahman’s return last December, to the extent that the BNP was fighting for democracy in Bangladesh as successive AL administrations grew increasingly repressive, authoritarian and removed from the people, Mirza Fakhrul was its tribune.
Following his appointment as acting secretary general in 2011 following the death of Khandaker Delwar Hossain, through to February 15, 2024, Fakhrul had more than 100 cases filed against him, was jailed multiple times, and remained incarcerated for close to 500 days. Through it all, he remained resolute in his determination to see it through. And see it through he did.
It was only fitting that for one who has led the fight for the restoration of voting rights, a return to Parliament by way of an election that passed the test of all-round acceptance would precede all this. It was left somewhat incomplete, by the absence of the old enemy, but it could hardly be helped. Besides, Mirza Fakhrul was one of those who managed to get elected even when AL were manipulating the process most nakedly, in 2018 - now famous, or rather infamous, as ‘the Midnight Election’. He was left so appalled by what transpired that he ended up not taking his oath, despite winning Bogra-6.
It also happened to be the one time Fakhrul could be said to have led the BNP in an election. At the time, the late Begum Khaleda Zia’s iron will was being tested in jail on trumped up charges, and Tarique Rahman still had no chance of returning to take part in politics, although he continued communicating with his supporters from exile in London. But for all intents and purposes, Fakhrul was the face of the BNP in that election.
There used to be a great debate within BNP circles on the decision to take part in that election as part of the Oikya Front - whether it was the right decision or not, in retrospect. There are those who consider it to have been a disaster, and blame Fakhrul for getting the party mixed up in the whole thing. If they hadn’t done that, could AL’s exit have been ushered in sooner? Although there are those who contend so, there is really no way of knowing. What we do know is that 2018 stood out as yet another waypoint in AL’s drift into ‘electoral autocracy’. And after the vote, Mirza Fakhrul did the principled thing by not taking his seat.
Even before what transpired on the eve of the election, the unprecedented level of violence directed at BNP/Oikya Front candidates (the alliance that came together with the push from Gono Forum, which had no voter base) set 2018 apart, and showed the world that AL’s dictatorial streak had become incorrigible. It also laid the groundwork for the movement ahead of the 12th general election, and its demand that they be held under a neutral authority (like the caretaker government AL had scrapped in 2011, two-and-a-half years after returning to power).
So was that the right decision? If he hadn’t survived to see the fall of the Awami League, this debate could have gone on forever. But having seen it through to the end, you can really only go by what you have in front of you. And 2014-2018-2024 are part of a continuum that is now generally accepted to have been fatal to AL. Just as Fakhrul had said, six months before it all came crashing down. And countless times before of course. History can be a tenuous thing in Bangladesh, but from where we now stand, we can at least say that Mirza Fakhrul wouldn’t need to go back on a single word he uttered in those 12 years and more. Every decision he took as GS, and everything he said, has been proven right in the light of history.
A gentleman, and humane too
Although steeped in politics throughout his life, it is his innings as the BNP’s secretary-general during the hardest years it ever witnessed - the hardest years arguably any mainstream political party has endured in independent Bangladesh, as the principal obstacle to AL autocracy post-2009 - that will have guaranteed his legend, and it is also what makes him eminently suited to be President, the top constitutional post in the republic.
Ideally, the occupants of Bangabhaban are expected to remain above the fray of politics, although it has come to be politicised. Short of the reforms envisioned in the July Charter, the post remains largely ceremonial, with not much scope to ‘rock the boat’. It can be just reward for the 78-year-old Fakhrul, whose reputation as a ‘gentleman politician’ - a confirmed rarity in the environment in which he operates - precedes even his advocacy for democracy. He was very much the chairperson’s pick, and remained loyal to his leader till the end, without compromising his own sense of self or his own persona.
Perhaps less known is the humane face he brought to the role, at a time when it was most needed. As AL repression of its party activists kept growing, it fell to Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir to stand by them and their families, and assure them that it was still worth sticking it out with this party, even through the darkest corridors. He has attended countless programmes under the ‘Amra BNP Poribar’ banner - the party’s initiative to stand by the families of activists who may have been jailed, disappeared or even killed simply for supporting the BNP.
Whenever he has spoken at these programmes, it has been from the heart, and with utmost respect towards the victims, never trivialising their loss. On more than one occasion, in fact on numerous occasions, he has himself broken down while relaying the suffering of some grassroot activist. He has apologised profusely to the families “for being able to do nothing for them”. Yes, whatever compensation or support has been provided, has never been publicised with fanfare - something that has stood out about the initiative.
On none of these occasions did you get the impression that he was putting on a show. Some politicians would bleed themselves dry to shed some genuine tears in front of the camera - in Mirza Fakhrul’s case, you always felt he tried his best not to cry - yet couldn’t help himself. Again, it may not have been everyone’s cup of tea within the party. But it is this brand of honest, humane and principled leadership that proved vital to holding the BNP ‘poribar’ together through all those years, against tremendous odds.
2022: His finest year?
Mirza Fakhrul and the BNP, as part of the pro-democracy movement in Bangladesh, must’ve sensed that 2022 would have to be the year for the lessons of the Midnight Election in 2018 to start bearing fruit. The timing of its push for a caretaker or neutral administrator would have to be just right. Despite the political, cultural and media establishment acting against it, the aim would be to show that the party still commanded such massive support among the general public that you couldn’t ignore its demands.
By the end of the year, The Daily Star, in its year-end review of politics for the year, was writing: “The year 2022 marked a major turnaround for the BNP as the party seemed to have overcome the organisational weaknesses and political inertia that had been plaguing it since the disappointing results of the 2018 national polls.” (“Politics in 2022: BNP’s year of dramatic rebound,” The Daily Star, December 30, 2022)
Fakhrul was ending the year in jail again, having been picked up on the eve of a hugely anticipated rally in Dhaka on December 10, that would be the culmination of a three-month programme during which the party sprang into life again. The government was clearly nervous. It was in September that Mirza Fakhrul had announced a series of public rallies in 10 divisional cities, ostensibly to denounce the price hike of daily essentials and fuels, the death of five party men in previous police action in Bhola, Narayanganj, Munshiganj and Jashore, and to demand freedom for Chairperson Khaleda Zia.
Each of the first 9 rallies - in Chattogram, Mymensingh, Khulna, Rangpur, Barishal, Faridpur, Sylhet, Cumilla and Rajshahi - had been a roaring success, with huge turnout. Activists were turning up from all corners, and taking over these divisional headquarter towns for entire weekends at times. One of the things that stood out glaringly for all to see was how the government would do everything in its power to prevent people from turning up at the programmes - for example halting public transport from serving the area - yet fail miserably. Many even swam to join these events, at a time when most government rallies had to bus people in. Most impressively, they were being held peacefully, and the messages emanating from the stage spoke of democracy - the nation’s founding aspiration.
This finally, was the party in Fakhrul’s image. He of course attended and addressed the first divisional mass rally at the Polo Ground in Chattogram city, held on October 12 that year.
“The government has turned the Judiciary, Police, RAB into partisan agencies. After 50 years of liberation, we have to fight again for the rights we got through independence,” he declared.
Even at that first rally, the government’s nefarious efforts were apparent, and Fakhrul noted how despite attempting to obstruct many leaders and activists from joining the rally in various ways, the government could not stop them.
“We cannot be suppressed by fear. The movement for the restoration of democracy that starts in Chattogram will spread to the whole of Bangladesh,” he added. It certainly set the tone for the following rallies that came around every weekend - 9 on the trot - and the momentum heading into the Dhaka rally was understandably sky-high. The government reacted as authoritarians do when they get nervous. They arrested Fakhrul and other senior leaders like Mirza Abbas and tried to prevent it from going ahead (but failed). Drawing this reaction from the government probably worked out well for the party in the end. More importantly, the rallies had put to rest any lingering doubts over the BNP’s organisational strength, or grassroots support, or the relevance of their political message.
The BNP’s message in Bangladesh politics could not be ignored, and it would prove vital to the politics we would witness in 2023 ahead of the 12th parliamentary election. It wouldn’t be enough to displace the authoritarian government, nor bring about an inclusive election under a neutral administration, but resisting the BNP’s legitimate demands, in hindsight, must have taken its own toll on the government in other ways. Ways that they failed to realise before it was all too late.
BNP would sit out the 2024 election again - refusing to be party to another inevitable sham. The decision would come under scrutiny again from various quarters. Fakhrul’s words on leaving jail (mentioned at the start) would be mocked in many quarters, or be met with frustration. But history would prove him right. He was right about everything. Thankfully he’s too much of a gentleman to rub it in.
Right and Ready
Perhaps sensing his elevation (or being clued in on it), in one of his last engagements as a member of the cabinet on July 30, Mirza Fakhrul delivered a message befitting his stature, though it risked embarrassing his own government.
Addressing a discussion organised by the Information & Broadcasting Ministry in the capital, Fakhrul lamented that although the July Uprising was driven by a desire for change, the old ways continued to persist within the administration.
“I say this with deep pain. After serving as a minister for the past four or five months, I feel I should share some of what I have experienced. From what I have seen, nothing has changed. Those who took bribes before are still finding ways to do so, and those who obstructed good initiatives are still standing in their way,” he said.
“I am saying these things with regret. I am old. This time, I truly wanted to see change. So far, I do not see that change among us. Not only the government or political leadership, but the mindset of every person in society also needs to change. Otherwise, the sacrifices of July will not bring the desired result,” he added.
His tone was like in those Amra BNP Poribar programmes - frank and heartfelt, not hectoring. It was compelling. And eminently presidential.